Corner cases in machine learning processes

AI Perspectives & Advances

Table 1 Corner case systematization from [33], with examples corner cases for camera and LiDAR. (reworked, original from [33])

	Sensor Layer		Content Layer			Temporal Layer
	Hardware Level	Physical Level	Domain Level	Object Level	Scene Level	Scenario Level
Camera	Pixel Error: Dead pixel	Pixel-based: overexposure	Single Frame			Anomaly Represented by Multiple Frames or Point Clouds: Car drives snake lines
Camera	Pixel Error: Dead pixel	Pixel-based: overexposure	Domain Shift: Location (Germany - U.S.A.)	Anomaly: Garbage on street	Contextual Anomaly: People on billboards
LiDAR	Laser Error: Broken mirror	Beam-based: Surface does not reflect the beam	Single Point Cloud
LiDAR	Laser Error: Broken mirror	Beam-based: Surface does not reflect the beam	Domain Shift: Shape of road markings	Anomaly: Dust cloud	Contextual Anomaly: Sweeper cleaning the sidewalk